Ashikaga Takauji (足利
尊氏; 1305 – 7 giugno 1358) è stato un militare
giapponese. Nel 1338 ricevette il titolo di shōgun e iniziò lo
shogunato Ashikaga; pose la sua capitale a Kyōto e governò dal suo
palazzo di Muromachi (l'epoca prende perciò il nome di periodo
Muromachi).
Takauji era un samurai della famiglia
Ashikaga, discendente della linea Seiwa Genji e del clan Minamoto,
perciò discendente dell'Imperatore Seiwa, e daimyō di Ashikaga,
nella provincia di Shimotsuke (attuale prefettura di Tochigi); nel
1333 fu tra i generali inviati dallo shogunato Kamakura a Kyōto per
sedare la rivolta Genko (元弘の乱)
cominciata due anni prima.
Gradualmente deluso dallo shogunato,
Takauji si alleò all'Imperatore Go-Daigo e a Kusunoki Masashige per
espugnare Kyōto. Poco dopo, quando Nitta Yoshisada attaccò Kamakura
e abbatté lo shogunato, l'Imperatore Go-Daigo divenne di fatto il
nuovo governatore del Paese, e la sua corte di Kyōto divenne il
centro del potere (restaurazione Kemmu). I clan samurai, però, non
videro soddisfatte le proprie aspettative, in particolare il ritorno
al sistema socio-politico che aveva caratterizzato il periodo Heian,
e si dimostrarono sempre più delusi dalla ristabilita corte
imperiale. Takauji cercò di convincere l'Imperatore a venire loro
incontro ed evitare una ribellione, ma i suoi avvertimenti furono
ignorati.
Nel 1335, Hōjō Tokiyuki, figlio del
quattordicesimo shikken dello shogunato Kamakura Hōjō Takatoki,
colse l'occasione per ristabilire, con una rivolta (ribellione di
Nakasendai, Nakasendai no Ran), lo shogunato: Takauji soffocò
la rivolta e occupò Kamakura, poi reclamò per sé il titolo di
shōgun, e dichiarando di prendere le parti dei samurai cominciò a
distribuire la terra tra i suoi seguaci senza il permesso della
corte. Takauji proclamò la sua fedeltà alla corte imperiale, ma
Go-Daigo inviò Nitta Yoshisada a riconquistare Kamakura. Nella
battaglia di Hakone Take no Shita, Takauji sconfisse Yoshisada e
marciò verso Kyōto, che inizialmente conquistò, ma fu poi
costretto a riparare nell'isola di Kyūshū dalle forze riunite di
Yoshisada e Masashige. Qui però Takauji si alleò con i clan samurai
dell'isola e tornò a marciare verso Kyōto: nella battaglia di
Minatogawa (o del fiume Minato), nel 1336, Takauji sconfisse
Yoshisada e uccise Masashige, conquistando Kyōto una volta per
tutte.
Dopo aver cacciato Go-Daigo dalla
capitale, Takauji mise sul trono l'Imperatore Kōmyō, ma Go-Daigo
ricostruì la sua corte a Yoshino, dando inizio al periodo
Nanboku-chō ("delle corti del Nord e del Sud") che sarebbe
durato per altri 60 anni.
La storia di Takauji, dalla ribellione
di Genko allo stabilimento delle corti del Nord e del Sud, è
raccontata nel Taiheiki, un'epica in 40 volumi del periodo
Muromachi.
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