Correlazioni tra la sciabola giapponese e quella russa nell'uso dell'estrazione rapida
Lo iaijutsu, la cui versione moderna è lo laido, è l'arte giapponese di estrarre la spada in modo rapido.
Una storia sulle origini dello iaijutsu racconta che un giovane samurai sognava di vendicarsi per l'omicidio di suo padre. Ma l'assassino era uno spadaccino provetto: nella sfida aperta, senza dubbio, avrebbe ucciso il giovane. Allora il ragazzo cominciò ad allenarsi per imparare a portare un colpo di sciabola già nel momento di sguainare. La vendetta ebbe così successo.
Secondo alcuni, lo iaijutsu rappresenta la quintessenza del kenjutsu (l'arte giapponese della spada), simbolizzando non solo la tecnica di una sola sciabolata mortale, ma anche una profonda preparazione psicologica che sviluppa capacità di concentrazione.
Questa capacità è importante per tutti gli atleti, qualsiasi tipo di sport essi pratichino. Non soltanto per i praticanti di arti marziali, ma anche per i velocisti, i pesisti, i nuotatori, eccetera.
Tutta la sfida si concentra in un solo movimento decisivo e micidiale: nel momento stesso in cui la lama esce dal fodero si dirige verso il bersaglio, con un risparmio di secondi decisivo. L'azione di sguainare deve essere impercettibile e nascosta, per non far indovinare l'intenzione all'avversario. E anche velocissima, rapida come un lampo, in modo tale che il nemico non riesca a reagire
in nessun modo, a deviare, parare o evitare il colpo. Sembra decisamente un'arte marziale perfetta.
Ma lo iaijutsu è proprio un elemento della cultura giapponese dei samurai?
Per rispondere a questa domanda risaliamo un poco indietro nella storia.
Nell'Europa antica e medievale esistevano parecchie scuole di scherma, tra le altre, la scuola spagnola, quella francese e quella italiana.
Con il progresso sociale l'arma bianca si modernizzava.
Così entrarono in auge "figli" della spada come sciabola, striscia, daga, rapier, fioretto, poteri, eccetera.
Striscia e fioretto sono spade leggere e strette e pure la sciabola europea è una spada leggera, spesso piegata e curvata. Il palash — così in Europa orientale chiamavano la lama alleggerita, dritta, a un filo con controfilo (detta spada da lato) — si è ambientato bene tra i polacchi, i rumeni, gli ungheresi. L'Europa occidentale era più famosa per la striscia, il rapier e il fioretto.
In Russia era preferita la sciabola a lama piegata, curvata a volte a forma di ruoto.
Essa dimostrò il suo vantaggio sul palash e sul fioretto nei combattimenti del XVIII e del XIX secolo. Non è un caso che nel periodo della Prima guerra mondiale le forze armate di tutti i paesi belligeranti erano dotati di sciabole e solo raramente di spade, palash o daghe. Un tipo dì sciabola usata dai russi si chiamava shashka (definita anche "sciabola dei cosacchi"), che tradotto dalle lingue caucasiche significa "lungo coltello piegato".
Rispetto alla sciabola classica, la shashka è simile, ma di provenienza diversa: la sciabola viene dall'Oriente, dall'Asia, mentre la shashka ha origine nel Caucaso, dopo che il condottiero russo Ermolov lo liberò dagli oppressori turchi e persiani nella prima metà del XIX secolo.
Non è però escluso che i cosacchi russi conoscessero quest'arma molto prima, trovandosi a contatto diretto con i popoli caucasici già dal XV secolo.
Risulta peraltro che i cavalleggeri russi padroneggiavano perfettamente la tecnica estrazione e colpo simultanei tipica dello iaijutsu giapponese: ussari russi e cosacchi la chiamavano "sciabolata anticipata", oppure "colpo-lampo". Questa tecnica è descritta anche nella letteratura classica russa e sovietica (Duello, di Kuprin, Onore di ufficiale, di Negentzev, Placido Don, di M. Sholokhov). Alcuni sono sicuri che i russi hanno assimilato questo uso della sciabola dai samurai dopo la guerra russo-giapponese (1904-5), una teoria che però è da escludere per due ragioni:
I ) bisogna considerare che a quei tempi lo iaijutsu in Giappone era tenuto segreto all'interno dei vari clan.
E' improbabile che qualcuno dei giapponesi svelasse i propri segreti marziali, tanto meno agli avversari in guerra
2) I cosacchi padroneggiavano la sciabolata anticipata ancora prima dell'instaurazione dei contatti con il Giappone. Autori europei e orientali hanno visto la maestria dei cosacchi tra il XVI e il XIX secolo e l'hanno descritta nelle loro note di viaggio e memone.
L'analisi dei documenti storici, di antichi manoscritti conservati negli archivi, permette di concludere che la sciabolata imprevista russa era indipendente dallo iaijutsu giapponese, facendo sorgere l'ipotesi che le stesse modalità esistessero pure in Europa.
Del resto la storia all'inizio dell'articolo potrebbe essere ambientata in qualsiasi Paese: dai vichinghi ai montanari scozzesi, dagli arabi ai popoli caucasici, nell'antica Russia o in Sicilia e anche in Spagna, dove esisteva un preciso codice d'onore tra i nobili, descritto pure nella letteratura classica (Cìd di Cornei). Ovviamente questo tipo di tecniche poteva ben essere inserito nell'addestramento di spie e sicari: i cosacchi usavano spesso questa furbizia e la storia è piena di tali eventi. Quando la Russia occidentale era occupata dai Polacchi e quella meridionale dagli Ottomani, questi invasori compivano dei veri e propri genocidi. Mandando il proprio inviato a trattare con i polacchi o i turchi, i cosacchi sceglievano un maestro spadaccino; poiché il capo con cui andava a parlare era circondato da una scorta con le armi pronte, egli aveva una sola possibilità.
Facendo fìnta di accettare tutte le condizioni della parte avversaria, dimostrando di essere d'accordo con le imposizioni e fingendo di adulare il nemico con lusinghe, il virtuoso di sciabola abbassava la loro soglia di attenzione. Fingeva anche di essere stanchissimo, malato oppure ubriaco.
Nel corso dell'accoglienza, delle trattative o anche del banchetto che le accompagnava, il sicario assumeva una posizione sfavorevole e persino stupida, una posizione da cui si pensava che nessuno avrebbe attaccato. Invece egli si era allenato per giorni e mesi ad attuare il suo movimento mortale proprio da quella posizione. E in un momento breve e invisibile, con una sciabolata rapida come un lampo... la testa del generale avversario cadeva a terra. Le persone circostanti a volte non riuscivano nemmeno a capire che cosa era successo. Certo, capitava che dopo un attimo anche l'eroe cadesse a terra massacrato, oppure venisse infilzato sulle picche e le alabarde. Ma in molti casi l'assassino riusciva anche a salvarsi, poiché a causa della sua azione le guardie e tutto il seguito perdevano la testa per uno o due secondi, e ciò bastava a un professionista per fuggire, magari, correndo, scappava fuori con un urlo selvaggio: "Aiuto, aiuto! Guardie! Il sultano (o generale) è stato ucciso!", E così la spia si dileguava nella confusione e nel caos.
L'omicidio del condottiero aveva un enorme effetto psicologico: l'esercito si disuniva e da questo momento era condannato, perché, di solito, le truppe senza capo sono destinate alla sconfitta.
Ma la storia ci racconta anche di occasioni in cui questo assioma non funzionò: il 25 agosto del 1758, presso Zomdorf, il re tedesco Federico veniva sconfitto con le sue truppe numerose dall'esiguo esercito russo... senza condottiero.
Furono comunque moltissimi e famosi i condottieri e i tiranni turchi e polacchi che trovarono così la loro morte. La protagonista fu spesso la shashka, la sinuosrtà della cui lama permette di estrarre i circa 30 centimetri e di portare il colpo senza usare molta forza.
L'impugnatura della shashka è di vari tipi, ma con un tratto in comune: non c'è l'elsa a coprire la mano, ma un pomo d'impugnatura fatto a forma di testa di sparviero, con il becco adunco. L'elsa era stata tolta perché nell'atto di colpire la lama si inclinava dalla stessa parte della garda e quindi la protezione della mano era insufficiente. Ma — ancora più importante —, perché l'elsa non permetteva di sfoderare rapidamente per colpire. Invece il pomo dell'impugnatura, con il suo
aspetto di becco di falcone, favoriva tale movimento. Per attuare il "colpo-lampo" con la-shashka basta fare un movimento corto (ricordatevi della sinuosità), agganciando con il mignolo "la testa d'aquila" (bene appesantita per bilanciare l'arma). La presa vera e propria si può completare durante il processo del colpire, stringendo tutte le dita. Inoltre lo spadaccino poteva anche cambiare la traiettoria del movimento già nella preparazione del colpo, con il vantaggio di qualche frazione di secondo che aveva owiamente un'importanza decisiva e fatale.
Tutto ciò è scritto nel regolamento di servizio effettivo militare dei cosacchi, parte 4 ("Volteggiamento acrobatico"), del 1899. Ci sono anche due maniere di portare la shashka: caucasico e asiatico - girata con il dorso opposto al taglio giù e con la lama affilata su. Il modo asiatico consente un ulteriore risparmio di una frazione di secondo: quando si porta la mano a sinistra per impugnare la sciabola, non serve girarla per attuare la presa; basta fare un movimento "falciato" del braccio sopra il manico. I maestri mancini sono stati riconosciuti i più efficaci: con un movimento brusco della mano sinistra essi fendevano la loro vittima in due parti più rapidamente di un battito di ciglia. I mancini usavano la presa inversa e agganciavano il "becco d'aquila" con l'indice.
Ci furono pure due italiani che padroneggiavano perfettamente questo fendente anticipato: Giuseppe Lorano e Gennaro Guardascione.
Giuseppe Lorano era nel servizio segreto dello zar russo e visse molti anni in Russia, mentre Guardascione era un militare italiano con molti contatti con cosacchi e ussari russi, dai quali potrebbe aver imparato questo metodo. Ma perché, se questo metodo ha le sue radici anche in altri Paesi, è conosciuto solo come elemento giapponese?
Perché i russi, gli europei e gli altri popoli non la consideravano altro che una tecnica astuta, solo un modo di anticipare l'avversario prima che riuscisse a reagire. Invece i giapponesi hanno aggiunto come base fondamentale l'idea di una mobilitazione dello spirito e della volontà, sviluppando il passo subitaneo dallo stato passivo, rilassato, all'azione attiva, dallo yin allo yang e dando quindi un contenuto spirituale. E' evidente che ogni elaborazione ha perfezionato la raffinatezza e si è accompagnata con la dottrina religiosa e fìlosofica E arrivando ai nostri giorni, iaido e kendo (la via giapponese della spada) sono ancora elevati a discipline di perfezionamento psico-fisico e culturale.
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